What is Influenza?
Influenza (often called "flu") is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses type A, B, C, or D. Unlike the common cold caused by rhinoviruses, influenza has the potential to cause serious complications, especially in vulnerable groups such as children under 5 years old, the elderly over 65 years old, pregnant women, and people with chronic diseases.
Influenza Epidemiology
Influenza is seasonal, with the peak of cases often occurring in the rainy or cold season. Transmission is very rapid through droplets (saliva splashes) from coughing, sneezing, or conversation, as well as contact with contaminated surfaces. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza causes 290,000–650,000 respiratory deaths each year globally, with millions of cases worldwide.
Main Symptoms
Influenza symptoms appear suddenly and are more severe than the common cold, usually lasting 3–7 days although fatigue can last up to two weeks. The main symptoms include:
- High fever (38°C–40°C) or chills.
- Severe dry cough.
- Cold, nasal congestion, or sneezing.
- Severe headache.
- Muscle and joint pain (myalgia).
- Sore throat.
- Extreme fatigue.
Seek medical help immediately if symptoms worsen, such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, or confusion.
Risks and Complications
Vulnerable groups are at high risk of complications such as bacterial pneumonia, sinusitis, ear infections, or worsening chronic diseases, which can be fatal. Children and the elderly are most vulnerable, with hospitalization rates increasing significantly during flu season.
How to Prevent
Prevention is the main key to fighting influenza. The recommended steps are:1,2
- Annual vaccinations: Recommended for all ages 6 months and older, especially high-risk groups. Vaccines are updated every year due to viral mutations.
- Personal hygiene: Wash your hands with soap for 20 seconds, cover your mouth/nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing/sneezing, and avoid touching your face.
- Avoid contact and increase immunity: Wear a mask in crowded places, keep your distance, get enough rest, exercise regularly, and consume nutritious foods rich in vitamin C and zinc.
References:
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Staff. Key Facts About Influenza (Flu). 03 September 2025. cdc.gov. Available on: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines/keyfacts.html
2. World Health Organization (WHO), Staff. Influenza (Seasonal). February 28, 2025. who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
3. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Staff. Know the Difference Between the Flu and the Common Cough. November 2025. yankes.kemkes.go.id. Available at: https://upk.kemkes.go.id/new/mengenal-perbedaan-antara-flu-dan-pilek
4. Mayo Clinic, Staff. Influenza (flu): Symptoms and causes. December 06, 2025. mayoclinic.org. Available in: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719