Immunization is an important part of health programs in Indonesia. The Ministry of Health has implemented an immunization program for children 0-18 years. Immunization protects the body from certain diseases by administering vaccines made from weakened or killed disease-causing germs. There are two types of immunization in Indonesia, namely basic immunization to protect children from infectious diseases and advanced immunization to maintain children's immune levels optimal along their growth.

Types and Side Effects of Immunization:

Each type of vaccine can potentially cause side effects or post-immunization adverse events. Below is the list of immunizations and its adverse events:

1. Hepatitis B to prevents hepatitis B virus. Side effects may include pain at the injection site, fatigue, fever, itching, and facial swelling.

2. Polio to prevents polio disease. Side effects may include pain/redness at the injection site, nausea/diarrhea, allergy, and headache.

3. BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) to protect against tuberculosis (TB). Side effects may include redness, swelling, pain at the injection site, formation of pus-filled bumps, and risk of infection.

4. DPT to prevents diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus. Side effects may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, pain at the injection site.

5. Hib to prevents infection from Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria. Side effects may include swelling/redness at the injection site, loss of appetite, drowsiness, fever.

6. Campak (Measles) to prevents measles disease. Side effects may include pain/swelling at the injection site, red rash, joint pain, fever.

7. MMR to prevents measles, mumps, rubella. Side effects may include fever for 2-3 days, itching, swelling/pain at the injection site.

8. PCV to prevents pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia. Side effects may include swelling/redness at the injection site, fever.

9. Rotavirus to prevents diarrhea caused by rotavirus. Side effects may include itching, vomiting/nausea, diarrhea, cough, palpitations.

10. Influenza to prevents flu. Side effects may include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, headache, earache, chest tightness.

11. Typhoid to prevents typhoid fever. Side effects may include itching, fever, swelling on the face/lips/tongue, pain at the injection site, headache.

12. Hepatitis A to prevents hepatitis A. Side effects may include fever, nausea, loss of appetite, headache, difficulty breathing, swelling on the face/lips/tongue, red/swollen rash at the injection site.

13. Varicella to prevents chickenpox. Side effects may include pain/redness/swelling at the injection site, lump formation, fever.

14. HPV (Human Papillomavirus) to prevents cervical cancer (in adolescent females). Side effects may include headache, fever, redness/pain at the injection site, fainting.

15. Japanese Encephalitis to prevents viral infections in the brain. Side effects may include headache, redness/swelling/pain at the injection site, muscle pain, fever.

16. Dengue to reduces the risk of dengue fever. Side effects may include headache, muscle pain, fever, skin rash.

 
Immunization Schedule

Complete routine immunization consists of basic immunization and booster immunization given according to the child's age. Below is the detailed schedule of complete routine immunization according to the child's age:

Basic Immunization

- Newborn baby is given the 1st dose of Hepatitis B vaccination.

- Age 1 month old is given the 1st dose of BCG vaccination.

- Age 2 months old is given the 2nd dose of Hepatitis B, the 1st dose of polio, the 1st dose of DTP, the 1st of Hib, the 1st dose of PCV, the 1st dose of rotavirus vaccinations.

- Age 3 months old is given the 2nd dose of Hepatitis B, the 2nd dose of polio, the 2nd dose of DTP, the 2nd dose of Hib, the 2nd dose of rotavirus vaccinations.

- Age 4 months old is given the 3rd dose of Hepatitis B, the 3rd dose of polio, the 3rd dose of DTP, the 3rd dose of Hib, the 3rd dose of rotavirus vaccinations.

- Age 6 months old is given the 2nd dose of PCV, the 2nd dose of rotavirus, influenza vaccinations.

- Age 9 months old is given MR and JE vaccinations.

Advanced Immunization

- Age 12–24 months old is given PCV, varicella, hepatitis B, polio, DTP, Hib, MR/MMR, hepatitis A vaccinations.

- Age 2–3 years old is given JE vaccination.

- Age 5–7 years old is given MR/MMR vaccination.

- Age 9–14 years old is given HPV vaccination.

Immunization is important to protect children from infectious diseases and improve public health. By participating in the national immunization program, we can provide a healthier and brighter future for the next generation of our nation.

 

Reference:

1. Rizal, Fadhil; Imunisasi, Halodoc. last reviewed on: 29 Desember 2023. Available at: https://www.halodoc.com/kesehatan/imunisasi#h-apa-itu-imunisasi

2. Abdussalam, Reza: Imunisasi: Manfaat, Jenis, hingga Efek Sampingnya, hellosehat. last reviewed on: 15 Maret 2023. Available at: https://hellosehat.com/parenting/kesehatan-anak/imunisasi/imunisasi-bayi-anak/

3. Pittara: Imunisasi. Alodokter. last reviewed on: 15 Maret 2023. Available at: https://www.alodokter.com/imunisasi